Harvard Musculoskeletal and Neurological Pathophysiologic Process Case Study Analysis

In this Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

Both the neurological and musculoskeletal      pathophysiologic processes would account for the patient presenting these      symptoms.

Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact      physiological functioning.

How do these processes interact to affect the patient.

• Group A

Patient is a 24-year-old female administrative assistant who comes to the emergency department with a chief complaint of severe right-sided headache. She states that this is the sixth time in the last 2 months she has had this headache. She says the headaches last 2–3 days and have impacted her ability to concentrate at work. She complains of nausea and has vomited three times in the last 3 hours. She states, “the light hurts my eyes.” She rates her pain as a 10/10 at this time. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen ease her symptoms somewhat but do not totally relieve them. No other current complaints.

In this Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.How do these processes interact to affect the patient?APA FORMATTING more than 1500 words of patients case study scenario patho questions with at least 5 recent references, not more than 5 years.

Here is the answer to this question kind rewrite and include it in this write-up without plagiarism these symptoms are most likely caused by Migraine. Migraine is a neurological condition that can cause multiple symptoms. It’s frequently characterized by intense, debilitating headaches. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, difficulty speaking, numbness or tingling, and sensitivity to light and sound. Migraines often run in families and affect all ages.There are some racial/ethnic variables that affect physiological functioning. As related to the scenario provided, the prevalence of migraine headache vary by race. In women, migraine prevalence was significantly higher in Caucasians (20.4%) than in African (16.2%) or Asian (9.2%) Americans. A similar pattern was observed among men (8.6%, 7.2%, and 4.2%). African Americans were less likely to report nausea or vomiting with their attacks, but more likely to report higher levels of headache pain. In contrast, African Americans tended to be less disabled by their attacks than Caucasians. There were no statistically significant differences in associated features between Asian American and Caucasian migraineurs.  In the United States, migraine prevalence is highest in Caucasians, followed by African Americans and Asian Americans. While differences in socioeconomic status, diet, and symptom reporting may contribute to differences in estimated prevalence, we suggest that race-related differences in genetic vulnerability to migraine are more likely to predominate as an explanatory factor. (source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8710124/#:~:text=Results%3A%20In%20women%2C%20migraine%20prevalence,7.2%25%2C%20and%204.2%25).Though migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role.Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. So might imbalances in brain chemicals — including serotonin, which helps regulate pain in your nervous system. Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).CAUSES OF MIGRAINE:Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen, such as before or during menstrual periods, pregnancy and menopause, seem to trigger headaches in many women.Hormonal medications, such as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, also can worsen migraines. Some women, however, find their migraines occurring less often when taking these medications.Drinks. These include alcohol, especially wine, and too much caffeine, such as coffee.Stress. Stress at work or home can cause migraines.Sensory stimuli. Bright lights and sun glare can induce migraines, as can loud sounds. Strong smells — including perfume, paint thinner, secondhand smoke and others — trigger migraines in some people.Sleep changes. Missing sleep, getting too much sleep or jet lag can trigger migraines in some people.Physical factors. Intense physical exertion, including sexual activity, might provoke migraines.Weather changes. A change of weather or barometric pressure can prompt a migraine.Medications. Oral contraceptives and vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin, can aggravate migraines.Foods. Aged cheeses and salty and processed foods might trigger migraines. So might skipping meals or fasting.Food additives. These include the sweetener aspartame and the preservative monosodium glutamate (MSG), found in many foods. (source: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201)

This an help tooBoth the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms:The symptoms triggered in the given  scenario are identical to Migraine. They include headaches that last for two to three days, severe right-sided headaches, vomiting, and nausea. Migraines, a neurological condition that often runs in families and affects people of all ages, cause a variety of symptoms, the most prominent of which are intense, incapacitating headaches(Ziegler, 2019). Other symptoms may include difficulty speaking, sensitivity to sound and light, as well as numbness or tingling. The pathophysiologic process involved is  that Migraine involves  an ion channel in the aminergic brain stem nuclei (?), which is  a form of neurovascular headache in which neural events result in dilation of blood vessels aggravating the pain and resulting in further nerve activation.Causes of migraine:Hormonal changes in women:Hormone fluctuations, such as before or during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause, appear to cause headaches in many women. Hormonal medications, such as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, can aggravate migraines as well. However, some women report that taking these medications makes their migraines less frequent.Sensory stimuli:Bright lights and sun glare, as well as loud noises, can cause migraines. Strong odours, such as perfume, paint thinner, secondhand smoke, and others, can cause migraines in some people.Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning: Several racial/ethnic factors influence physiological function. Given the facts of the case at hand, the prevalence of migraine headache varies by race. In women, Caucasians (20.4 %) had a significantly higher migraine prevalence than African (16.2%) or Asian (9.2%) Americans. Among men, a similar pattern was observed  in the given races respectively (8.6 % , 7.2 % , and 4.2% ). African Americans were less likely to experience nausea or vomiting during their attacks, but they were more likely to experience severe headache pain.. African Americans, on the other hand, were less disabled by their attacks than Caucasians. There were no statistically significant differences in associated features between Asian Americans and Caucasians. In the United States, Caucasians have the highest migraine prevalence, followed by African Americans and Asian Americans. While differences in socioeconomic status, diet, and symptom reporting may contribute to estimated prevalence differences, we believe that race-related differences in migraine genetic vulnerability are more likely to predominate as an explanatory factor.How these processes interact to affect the patient:Migraine is thought to be a neurovascular pain syndrome with altered central neuronal processing (brainstem nuclei activation, cortical hyperexcitability, and spreading cortical depression) and trigeminovascular system involvement (triggering neuropeptide release, which produces painful inflammation in cranial vessels and the dura mater).Migraine headache is caused by intracranial and extracranial vasoconstriction(Luedtke, K., Starke, W., May, A.,2018). This causes cerebral hypoxia, which may be the cause of the neurologic defects that characterize the aura. During a migraine attack, acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the cranial arteries, as well as dilation of the middle cerebral artery and the superficial temporal artery on the pain side, cause relaxation of the vessels .Step-by-step explanationReferences:Ziegler, D. K. (2019). Epidemiology of migraine. In Neuroepidemiology (pp. 167-192). CRC Press.Luedtke, K., Starke, W., & May, A. (2018). Musculoskeletal dysfunction in migraine patients. Cephalalgia, 38(5), 865-875.