Neurologic Disorders

Question
What is neurologic disorder
Answer
1. Introduction
Neurologic disorders are diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that connect them. This includes a large number of conditions which range from those that resolve quickly without treatment to others which are lifelong and need careful management. These conditions are generally due to a reduction in brain function. This means that the brain works less well, or in some cases, more slowly. Of these problems with brain function, some are very specific to the cause and the part of the brain affected, and the impact on a person can vary immensely depending upon the severity of the condition. A useful way to understand brain function is to think of the brain as a complex computer, with malfunctions resulting in software or hardware problems. This leads to error messages, poor function, or failure of certain operations. Neurologic conditions can be very difficult to understand without first acquiring knowledge about the nervous system. It is important to remember that these conditions are real and are not due to anything imagined by the sufferer. They can be very distressing, and every effort should be made to understand a person with a neurologic problem, regardless of what the specific condition may be. Understanding the condition can sometimes be difficult and frustrating, for both sufferers and those close to them, particularly if the condition is hard to diagnose or if there are few treatments available. In such cases, people may find it helpful to contact associations relating to the specific condition or speak to a specialist in neurology.
1.1 Definition of Neurologic Disorders
Neurologic diseases are a prime threat toward a natural time. It is a not unusual place and vast time period and despite the fact that the conquering of infectious illnesses, malnutrition, and maternity deaths has improved, the prevention of neurologic diseases is all the more large due to the fact these troubles growth as human beings live longer. Neurologic problems are sicknesses of the mind, backbone, and the nerves that join them. There are extra than 600 sicknesses of the fearful gadget, along with: – illnesses which includes multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s sickness, and motor neurone sickness which can be because of the lack of nerve or mind feature – illnesses which includes epilepsy and cerebral palsy wherein the number one trouble is a malfunction of the nervous gadget – sicknesses which includes meningitis or head injury. The scope of neurologic exercise is wide, with many specialities involved. sufferers are regularly complicated and disabled, and treatment can be long term. Generally, neurologic sickness is chronic and progressive, and it affects emotional, bodily, and social function. The primary cause of prevention is to reduce the prevalence of neurologic sickness contained in the community. Voluntary measures can provide safety against precise sickness, along with the vaccination against polio, measles, meningitis, and certain forms of encephalitis. Global prevention of neurologic sickness may be most effectively accomplished with the aid of measures that promote trendy fitness. Some diseases of the frightened tool are related to poverty and malnutrition. Improved understanding in nutrients and the elimination of food poverty, together with improved sanitation, will reduce the incidence of neurologic diseases. A considerable quantity of neurologic diseases is resulting from harmful environmental agents. A better understanding of the nervous system and its function has led to advancements in occupational safety and the prevention of risks in work and sport.
1.2 Causes of Neurologic Disorders
3) Metabolic – Neurologic function is highly dependent upon the metabolic integrity of nervous tissue, and metabolic derangements may have wide-ranging effects.
2) Genetic and Congenital – Disorders which are the result of genetic abnormalities may be inherited or may involve a new mutation. Such abnormalities can affect any aspect of nervous system development or function, and thus the phenotypic manifestations of genetic neurologic disorders are highly variable. Genetic neurologic disorders are beyond the scope of this discussion. Congenital anomalies may result in neurological dysfunction throughout life or may only affect the individual at a certain stage of development. An example of the latter is congenital rubella syndrome, which is due to infection with the rubella virus during embryonic development.
1) Infection – Infection can lead to neurologic dysfunction in several different ways. The infection may primarily involve the nervous system or may be a condition in which the pathogen is widely distributed throughout the body. An example of the former is viral encephalitis, which can be caused by several different viruses. Certain bacteria can produce toxins which have a predilection for nervous tissue. An example of this is the spirochetal bacteria, which causes neurosyphilis. Parasitic infection with organisms such as toxoplasma and cysticercosis can affect the nervous system in several different ways. The organisms may produce focal lesions within the brain or spinal cord. Migrants of foreign tissue in the form of larvae or adult parasites may elicit inflammation as the body attempts to destroy the foreign tissue. More diffuse parasitic infections can result in neurologic dysfunction through a hypersensitivity response, as in the case of eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis.
Causes can be divided into the following that lead to neurologic disorder:
1.3 Common Types of Neurologic Disorders
Cerebrovascular Diseases: Disorders such as stroke, transient ischemic attack, carotid stenosis, aneurysms, and vascular malformations can cause a variety of neurologic symptoms and signs. The effects of the cerebrovascular disease depend upon the severity and location of the lesion. Often, such diseases cause an acute onset of neurologic deficit, such as paralysis or confusion. A small lesion, such as one that might be seen with a silent stroke, might cause only a very subtle deficit or no deficit at all. In either case, the deficit or its effects may be transient, as seen with transient ischemic attacks, or permanent.
Seizure Disorders: The epilepsies are a spectrum of brain disorders ranging from severe, life-threatening and disabling, to those that are much more benign. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. Causes of epilepsy include stroke, brain tumor, trauma, infection, and abnormal brain development. In about 70% of cases, the cause is unknown.
The effects of neurologic disease are as varied as the types of neural tissue and range from simple confusion and mild memory loss to seizures and sudden changes in behavior. The following are some common types of neurologic disorders.
2. Symptoms and Diagnosis
2.1 Recognizing Symptoms of Neurologic Disorders
2.2 Diagnostic Tests for Neurologic Disorders
2.3 Importance of Early Diagnosis
2.4 Understanding Prognosis
3. Treatment Options
3.1 Medications for Neurologic Disorders
3.2 Therapies and Rehabilitation
3.3 Surgical Interventions
3.4 Alternative and Complementary Treatments
4. Living with a Neurologic Disorder
4.1 Coping Strategies and Support Systems
4.2 Lifestyle Modifications
4.3 Managing Emotional and Mental Well-being