The Influence of Stress on the Development of Depressive Disorders

1. Introduction
Since the sequence current stress state and past stressful life events have been assessed with life history technique considerations of the large timelines involved in the inducement of depression by stress would be required. Measures of severe and chronic stresses have been taken in various forms including interview and questionnaire on it of recent life events. Measures of life difficulties involve the assessment of the degree of stress in various areas of life, the length of time the problems have lasted, and the impact of events on the individual. The onset and recurrences of depressive episodes are often assessed with follow-up interviews. Measures of depressive symptoms and diagnoses span a wide range and the effects of stress on these may vary.
Furthermore, much of the extremity concerning the type of stress and its duration that lead to depression relates to the exact kind of depressive disorder and the causative background. For example, there is data showing that post-traumatic stress disorder and dysthymic pathology often have childhood adversities as antecedents. This suggests that the effects of stress dependent on its timing in relation to development and other life events or the affect on cognitive patterns and interpersonal functions can vary in leading to different depressive diagnoses. Therefore, in researching stress and depression, the potential focus to specific types of stress and depression should greatly improve the understanding of mechanisms involved.
Depressions are the complex and interactive compounds of genes and life events and do some effects on adapts various behaviors to cope with stress. Facing a prolonged and chronic stress may lead to development of symptoms of depressive episode and thus it becomes depressive disorder. The diathesis-stress model emphasizes that depression results from the interaction of a predispositional vulnerability liability and life events or experiences that the vulnerability more likely will lead to depression. Stressful life events are associated with the onset and the recurrences of depressive episodes life difficulties and low social support predict a more persistent course of major depression. Vulnerability to depression results from complex interplay of genetic biological personality and environmental factors.
1.1. Definition of Stress
According to the Prepared For Future (PFF) theory of depression, stress generally involves an actual or potential loss, challenge to self-worth or safety, or failure to secure an expected gain (Brown, 2002). At this point, stress evokes a response, depending on the severity of the stressor and the individual’s own resources, that may lead to depression (Brown, 1998). High levels of stress are known to reduce serotonin levels in the brain, whilst also increasing the release of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), a hormone that has been found to be at excess levels in patients with major depression and thus constitutes a model for the etiology of stress-induced depression (Holsboer 2000).
The “demand” that causes stress can take many forms i.e. work, major life events, trauma. Edwards, Cooper & Sadhotra (2000) used fine-grained measures of daily stress in a study that focused on the relationship between acute stress and mood. Maintaining a daily diary for five days and nights, participants recorded the frequency of occurrence and the severity of each type of stress that had taken place in the previous 24 hours. The overall severity of stress was scored in the diary twice daily.
The Selye (1956) definition of stress “the non-specific response of the body to any demand” is by far the mostly widely quoted (Gould, Dye & Cale, 2006). Bouteyre, Paquet, Sejourn and Vernet (2007) recommend this definition, a well-documented and widely accepted theory of stress, as the best to use in their empirical research study of stress and its relationship to depression in French medical students. However, what constitutes these demands that lead to the nonspecific response of stress, and how is stress adequately measured in order to understand its relationship with health and illness?
1.2. Definition of Depressive Disorders
Depressive disorders encompass an array of mood disorders that vary in severity, yet they are all linked by the presence of a sad, empty, or irritable mood along with other symptoms that affect a person’s ability to function (Parker et al., 2005). Depressive disorders are most commonly identified by dysphoria, anhedonia, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, and sleep disturbance. The DSM-IV TR emphasizes that in order to be diagnosed with a depressive disorder, one must experience a minimum of a two-week period of either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure, and at least four additional symptoms. If one is experiencing depressed mood and loss of interest with less than four other symptoms, they are said to have an “adjustment disorder with depressed mood” (APA, 1994). Adjustment disorders with depressed mood are conceptually viewed as being similar to depressive disorders in that they are both reactions to psychosocial stressors, however for the purpose of this essay, references to depressive disorders are to mood disorders separate from adjustment disorders. The DSM-IV TR has specific categories for depressive disorders in which symptoms need to meet different specifications for a duration of time and order of onset, including Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymic Disorder. An even more severe form of depressive disorder is the mood disturbance associated with disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Despite the differing severity and duration of symptoms, all depressive disorders are conceptually viewed as responses to stressful life events. This essay focuses on Major Depressive Disorder and the path from stressful life events to its onset and chronicity.
1.3. Importance of Understanding the Relationship between Stress and Depressive Disorders
Understanding the relationship between stress and depressive disorders is of crucial importance, as it has significant bearing on the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. One of the reasons for this is the high prevalence of stress in the modern world. If a strong link can be established between stress and the development of depressive disorders, it may be possible to reduce the number of people who suffer from depression through reducing the amount of stress that they experience. This will not only result in fewer people suffering from depressive disorders, but also lead to a healthier society and a reduced burden on health services. Another reason that it is important to understand the relationship between stress and depression is that it may give us a better understanding of the etiology of depression. There is still much debate as to what causes depression and a variety of depressive disorders. If it can be established that certain types of stress lead to different depressive disorders, this may lead to a reclassification of depressive disorders based on causes, rather than the current method of classification based on symptoms. This may then lead to more appropriate and individualized treatment of different depressive disorders. A more in-depth understanding of the etiology of depression may also lead to the development of preventative measures for depressive disorders.
2. The Role of Stress in the Development of Depressive Disorders
2.1. Impact of Chronic Stress on Mental Health
2.2. Biological Mechanisms Linking Stress and Depressive Disorders
2.3. Psychological Factors Influencing the Relationship between Stress and Depressive Disorders
3. Types of Stressors and their Effects on Depressive Disorders
3.1. Major Life Events and Depressive Disorders
3.2. Daily Hassles and Depressive Disorders
3.3. Work-related Stress and Depressive Disorders
4. Vulnerability Factors and Stress-Depression Relationship
4.1. Genetic Predisposition to Depressive Disorders
4.2. Childhood Trauma and its Impact on Stress-Depression Link
4.3. Personality Traits and their Influence on Stress-Depression Relationship
5. Coping Mechanisms and Resilience against Stress-Related Depression
5.1. Adaptive Coping Strategies for Managing Stress
5.2. Social Support Systems and their Role in Preventing Depression
5.3. Building Resilience to Protect Against Stress-Related Depression
6. Treatment Approaches for Stress-Related Depressive Disorders
6.1. Psychotherapy as a Primary Treatment Option
6.2. Medications for Stress-Related Depression
6.3. Lifestyle Changes and Self-Care Practices to Manage Stress and Depression
7. Prevention and Early Intervention Strategies
7.1. Stress Reduction Techniques for Preventing Depressive Disorders
7.2. Early Identification of Stress Symptoms and Prompt Intervention
7.3. Promoting Mental Health and Well-being to Counteract Stress-Related Depression
8. Conclusion