Overview:

The following are real-world scenarios. Read each scenario and discuss the applicable exception to the search warrant requirement.

Scenario 1:

An officer stops a car for speeding. The driver has a warrant for failure to appear on a misdemeanor battery case. The officer arrests the driver and searches the car. The officer finds cocaine in the center console. Which lawful exception to the search warrant applies? Does probable cause or reasonable suspicion exist?

Scenario 2:

An officer sees a suspicious 18-year-old male hanging around an open campus high school at the lunch hour. The officer sees the male exchange something for cash with another male. The suspicious male sees the officer and begins to walk away quickly. The officer stops the male, conducts a pat-down, and locates 10 pounds of marijuana in zip lock bags inside his coat. The male is arrested for possession with intent to deliver on school grounds. Which lawful exception(s) to the search warrant applies? Does probable cause or reasonable suspicion exist?

Scenario 3:

An officer is working with a news crew in a shopping mall parking to bring awareness to the high level of thefts that occur during the holiday months. While walking around the parking lot looking for examples of valuables in plain view, the officer sees what she believes is methamphetamine paraphernalia and methamphetamine in a small plastic bag. The officer opens the unlocked door and takes the paraphernalia and suspected methamphetamine. Which lawful exception(s) apply to this scenario? Does probable cause or reasonable suspicion exist?

Scenario 4:

Police officers on foot patrol make consensual contact with a female they have not seen before in the neighborhood, known for narcotics sales. The officers introduce themselves and ask for her name and date of birth, which she provides. The officers discover she has a warrant for her arrest. The officers handcuff and search the female. The officers find a bindle of heroin in her shoe. Which lawful exception(s) of the search warrant applies? Does probable cause or reasonable suspicion exist?

Scenario 5:

Officers are surveilling a residence where a burglary suspect lives. The officers take the suspects’ garbage bags (from the curb) and, inside the garbage, locate evidence of the burglaries. The suspect is also on probation. The officers arrange a probation visit with the probation officer. The probation officer enters the suspects’ residence, and police follow. More evidence of the burglaries is seen inside the house, and it is seized. The suspect is arrested for a probation violation and burglary. Which lawful exception(s) of the search warrant applies? Does probable cause or reasonable suspicion exist?

• Discusses the applicable exception to the search warrant requirement.
• If no valid exception applies, explains why.
• Supports rationale with appropriate case law.
• Cites credible sources in APA format, includes a reference page.

Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words:

Provide an example of self-incrimination as it relates to the Miranda decision.

• How does the U.S. Constitution protect against self-incrimination?
• What would happen if there was no protection against self-incrimination?
• How has the Miranda decision influenced the criminal justice system?

In this next assignment, I will provide 2 student posts and respond to whether you agree or disagree and any add-ons. Respond 100 words each post

1)The U.S. Constitution protects against self-incrimination by protecting a person from being forced to reveal to the police, the prosecutor, the judge, or jury any information that might subject him or her to criminal prosecution. What that means police nor anyone of the justice system cannot force you for information including threats about family, friends, and other persuasive ways that may get you to self incriminate yourself. If there were no protection against self-incrimination you would have a lot of people who did not commit crimes in prison, a very corrupted justice system, a lot of cruel punishments like the case where the police officers beat two African-Americans until they said they committed the crime, bribery, and a lot more corrupted tactics that will be used to get individuals to say they committed a crime when they did not. The Miranda decision influenced the criminal justice system by giving you the right to not speak to the police, the right to leave if you are not under custody, giving the individual to refuse to answer questions by the police.

2)Americans are entitled to rights that we have as citizens. The U.S. Constitution such as the 4th, 5th, and 14th amendment, are all protection against self-incrimination. The protection that is against self-incrimination gives a person such as the defendant or witness, the privilege of refusing questions and any information that is forced to reveal. If there were absolutely no protection against self incrimination, it would be easier and quicker to prosecute someone due to intensive interrogation and firm intimidation. There would also be a lot of convincing and results of unfair court cases taking place. The Miranda rights must be informed to anyone of suspect or victim by law enforcement anytime before detaining them. By this right in particular, it actually allows you to refuse answering any questions that you choose to or not to answer. The Miranda decisions come into effect with police officers by remaining silent making them work much harder and sometimes deeper into an investigation on their own. It basically gives us a better and fair of less innocent people being found guilty.

In Unit VII, you will develop your final presentation, which will be focused on the protection of a selected critical infrastructure from a terrorist incident. The two parts in this assignment will work as the foundation for the Unit VII Course Project.

Part 1: Project Topic

Select the critical infrastructure for which you will develop your plan; you can use the same critical infrastructure that you used for your Unit II Project, or you can select a different critical infrastructure that is briefed on the webpage below:

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (n.d.). Critical infrastructure sectors. https://www.dhs.gov/critical-infrastructure-sectors

After selecting a critical infrastructure, develop a brief essay that meets the criteria below:

• Provide the background on the selected critical infrastructure/target. Please describe the infrastructure in your own words; do not copy the description from the webpage.
• Provide examples of potential targets (e.g., a power supply plant, water resources, a military base, a shopping mall, a full stadium during an event, government buildings, an airport, a city center).
• Briefly explain why the location is vulnerable to an attack.
• Discuss what type of terrorist event will hypothetically take place at the critical infrastructure. You can select any type of terrorist event that has been discussed in this course. Some examples include chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or explosive (CBRNE) events. If you select a chemical or biological agent, be specific, and name the agent that the terrorist(s) will use in the hypothetical scenario.
• Identify the federal, state, and local agencies that will be activated in response to your incident, and briefly summarize their roles and responsibilities in terrorism planning and preparedness.
• Identify the homeland security programs that should be involved in planning the response to the incident.

Your essay should be at least one page in length.

Attached is the critical infrastructure that I would like to utilize. 

Part 2: Annotated Bibliography

In the same document, provide an annotated bibliography, which summarizes at least three scholarly resources that will be used for your Unit VII Course Project.

An annotated bibliography lists citations of books, articles, and/or documents. Each citation is followed by a descriptive and evaluative paragraph that identifies what the resource is about and why it is of value to your research; this is called the annotation, which can contain 100-150 words. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited. The annotated bibliography will help you to organize your sources that will be used for your final presentation due in Unit VII. Each annotated bibliography entry consists of two parts: the APA-formatted reference citation followed by the summary for that reference.

Today you are researching issues of social conflict in the news. Using the software of your choice or in a slide presentation, create a diagram or presentation that depicts the relationship between 4 of the 6 social conflict theories as discussed in Chapter 9 to a social conflict event. These include the Radical Criminology Theory, The Left-Realist Criminology Theory, Feminist Criminology, Peacemaking Criminology, Cultural Criminology, & Convict Criminology Theory. A quick reference for these theories can be found on page 239 in the text or under the Theory in Perspective section found in the e-book in Chapter 9.

Using 4 of these theories as your base, research and identify an everyday issue or past event, that you believe serves best to represent the components of each of your selected Social Conflict Theories.

Starting with your first theory, include a brief summary on a slide or in a text box on your diagram of how that theory approaches and explains social conflict. Then find an example (video or media story) that illustrates this theory. Insert the links to the video/media story in a text box that connects to that respective social conflict theory. You should have a total of 4 videos or media stories for this assignment. Once you have identified your video and/or media story, write a sentence or two explaining why or how each video/story exemplifies each theory. Reference table 9.1 Key Elements of Social Conflict Perspective to assist you in this process.

Here is a quick example: “Feminist Criminology” intends to redirect the thinking of mainstream criminologists to include gender awareness. They see conflict and inequality present in society as being based primarily on gender. A real life example of this theory in action is the #MeToo movement. Started back in 2006, this movement exposed the prevalence of sexual harassment & abuse issues in the workplace by publicizing these sex crimes. A good example of this is the case of Harvey Weinstein, a former American film producer and now convicted sex offender. I believe this case is a good example of the feminist criminology theory because it demonstrates the differences in the understanding of what is considered right and wrong/acceptable behaviors in the workplace between men and women.

Chapter 09

1. Why do many victims not report their crimes to police? How does this complicate understanding victimology?
2. Explain the difference between environmental criminology and traditional criminological theories
3. Discuss the rational-choice perspective.
4. Explain the routine-activities approach.
5. Provide an example how a crime prevention technique relying on the rational-choice perspective or routine-activities approach. In your assessment, does it work?
6. Compare the various theories of victimization
7. Explain the idea of hot spots. What would be an example of a local hot spot?
8. Understand situational crime prevention and its pros and cons
9. What is displacement? What are it’s positive and negative consequences?

AFTER ACTIONS REPORT – Chapter 10

1. Which theory best explains criminal violence? Why? What are the weaknesses?
2. In your opinion, what form of violence is most pressing today? How do you justify your answer?
3. Differentiate among the various categories of criminal homicide
4. Explain the concept of victim precipitation
5. Explain the difference between a simple assault and an aggravated assault
6. Discuss family-related crimes and the evolution of and laws related to rape
7. Discuss kidnapping and the characteristics of robbers
8. Discuss the rise of organized crime, terrorism, hate crimes, militias, and violence in schools in the United States. Of these issues, which is most pressing to society today?
9. Discuss the relationship between violence and gun control. In your assessment, does gun control work?AFTER ACTIONS REPORT – Chapter 11
   1. Discuss the elements of larceny
   2. Discuss the crossover of theft prevention measures designed for motor vehicles that are increasingly being used for boats and other watercraft
   3. Compare the various types of fraud
   4. Explain the various forms of auto insurance fraud
   5. Discuss the problems of detection and prosecution of high-tech crimes
   6. Discuss burglary and fencing
   7. Explain the role juveniles play in arson
   8. Explain the classification system of fire setters

   AFTER ACTIONS REPORT – Chapter 12

   1. Discuss the various types of white-collar crime
   2. Explain the significance of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
   3. What is the significance of the Frank-Dodd Act?
   4. Describe the problems associated with defining and determining the frequency of corporate crime
   5. Research a classic example of white collar crime, what were the specifics of the crime, what were the consequences?
   6. Explain the development of corporate criminal law in the United States
   7. Compare the different models of corporate culpability
   8. Why are White Collar offenses often the least penalized crimes?