QUESTION
Describe and discuss the nurse’s role in health promotion and disease prevention in older adults. Share an example from your personal experience as a RN.
ANSWER
1. Introduction
In 2013, it was estimated that there were 44.7 million adults aged 65 and older in the United States. This age group represented 14.1% of the population. It is projected that by 2030, one in every five Americans will be older than 65. With such a large and growing number of older adults, it is important to bring attention to the health and well-being of this population. As people age, they face an increased risk of developing chronic diseases such as hypertension, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. In addition to disease, older adults may experience cognitive decline, depression, anxiety, and various other mental health issues. Health promotion and disease prevention strategies can lead to a healthier and more fulfilling life for older adults. This is especially true for those who are dealing with multiple chronic conditions and those who have diminished physical and mental function. With support from healthcare providers, older adults can take control of their own health and improve their quality of life. One group of healthcare providers that play a crucial role in promoting health and preventing diseases in this population is the nursing profession. The development of advanced practice roles, recognition of the nurse’s responsibility in this area, and an abundance of research in the field make it an exciting time for the nursing profession. This chapter explores the importance of health promotion and disease prevention for older adults, the various domains of assessment particular to this population, common health conditions, and the nurse’s role in promoting health and preventing disease. By providing a comprehensive review of the literature and citing evidence-based practice guidelines, as well as drawing from experience in geriatric clinical practice and as nurses with many years of experience in caring for older adults, I hope to impart valuable knowledge to the reader about the older adult population and the multitude of nursing strategies that can be employed to combat age-related health challenges.
1.1 Importance of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in Older Adults
Firstly, we start to ponder why health promotion is important. According to the Ottawa Charter by the World Health Organization, health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. In other words, health promotion is not only the responsibility of the individual, but also the pursuit to resolve the health disparity and improving the quality of society in our future generation. In particular, older adults have unique health care needs and health promotion is vital in maintaining the quality of life. As people age, the risk of developing chronic and degenerative diseases and disorders also increase. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that chronic diseases and conditions such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and arthritis are among the most common, costly, and preventable of all health problems in the US. It was estimated that half of the adults in the US suffer from at least one preventable chronic health condition. And USD$3.3 trillion out of $3.5 trillion in annual US health care…
1.2 Nurse’s Responsibility in Promoting Health and Preventing Disease
In 2010, the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) Future of Nursing report recommended that all nurses should be educated in health promotion and disease prevention. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the goal of health promotion is to “prevent disease, improve quality of life, and lengthen life.” Health promotion is a concept that is often defined differently by different nurses. However, in essence, health promotion is an “umbrella” under which a variety of strategies designed for well-being fall. Health promotion is a key part of the nurse’s role. The nurses have an important role to help the society prevent various diseases and improve the quality of life. According to the “Culture of Health” by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the nursing profession itself should “serve as an exemplar” of health promotion. However, health promotion is not just a new “buzz word” for nurses. When the nurses consider that health care dollars are becoming scarce and the incidence of chronic disease and illness is becoming a common trend, which is “prevention” becomes a very significant term for them. By educating the patients with the right information, they would be more prone to “avoid the illnesses”. Currently, many nurses in the acute and primary care settings receive training and continuing education in health promotion. For example, the Chronic Care Model, developed by Dr. Ed Wagner and Dr. David E. M. E. Solberg, lists health promotion, that includes three key elements: Support Self-Management, Decision Support and Delivery System Design. When applying the chronic care model to diabetes care, an organization might offer several programs such as a “meal planning seminar”, a “smoking cessation workshop”, and a “pedometer and walking program”. These programs could be very beneficial for the diabetes patients. There is a growing trend for organizations and corporations to offer employee wellness programs and “annual health risk assessments.” For example, Adventist Health in Roseville, California offers a variety of employee wellness services, including chronic disease management, exercise classes, and dietary counseling. This holistic approach serves to benefit both employees and the organization as a whole. And nurses today are not just limited in the hospital or community settings anymore in terms of health promotion. A grand locus of opportunities is now open for the nurses such as Ambulatory Care Centers, Physicians’ Offices, or Insurance Care Companies. The nurses should continue their existing career and applied experience via research or policy work and keep on educating and promoting the benefits of health promotion nationwide.
2. Understanding the Aging Process
2.1 Physiological Changes in Older Adults
2.2 Common Health Conditions in Older Adults
3. Assessing Health Needs of Older Adults
3.1 Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
3.2 Identifying Risk Factors for Disease
4. Developing Health Promotion Strategies
4.1 Educating Older Adults on Healthy Lifestyle Choices
4.2 Encouraging Regular Exercise and Physical Activity
4.3 Promoting Proper Nutrition and Hydration
5. Preventing Common Diseases in Older Adults
5.1 Immunizations and Vaccinations
5.2 Screening and Early Detection of Chronic Diseases
5.3 Managing Chronic Conditions to Prevent Complications
6. Promoting Mental Health and Well-being
6.1 Assessing Cognitive Function and Mental Health Status
6.2 Providing Emotional Support and Counseling
6.3 Facilitating Social Engagement and Activities
7. Collaboration and Advocacy in Health Promotion
7.1 Collaborating with Interdisciplinary Healthcare Team
7.2 Advocating for Policies and Programs Beneficial to Older Adults
7.3 Promoting Age-Friendly Environments
8. Personal Experience as a Registered Nurse
8.1 Example of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in Older Adults
8.2 Impact of Nursing Interventions on Older Adults’ Health
9. Conclusion
9.1 Importance of the Nurse’s Role in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
9.2 Ensuring Quality of Life for Older Adults

question
The Rise of Social Media and its Impact on Information Systems: explore the rise of social media and its impact on information systems. discuss how social media has changed the way we share and consume information.
Answer
1. Introduction
The evolution and rise of social media has a cause and effect on the way that information is spread. The second section of my research paper will analyze the effects that the rise of social media has on the way information is spread. This is useful information for companies who wish to understand ways and methods for them to get information to potential consumers. This can also provide users who use the internet and various different website platforms a way to understand the changes and benefits that are caused by the changes in the way information is spread by social media. With such a large impact of the changes in the methods of information spreading, we need to understand the way that this information can be utilized by users in the ever-growing social media environment.
This research paper discusses how social media has become a part of our daily lives and how the rise of social media has led to changes in the way information is disseminated. Social media has come a long way. Prior to the internet, social media was discussed by researchers in newsgroups, online forums, and internet relay chats. An interesting form of social media that was discussed in the early stages of social media development was “Six Degrees”. Six Degrees was a form of social media that allowed users to create profiles and add friends. Similarities can be drawn to the Myspace of today. This online community was a way for users to experience an online social network. “Six Degrees” was an evolution in the way users of the internet could communicate with one another. This development has led to an increase in the amount of data that is becoming available to us. Because of the vast amounts of information that would become available, it became increasingly difficult to locate information that is relevant to us.
1.1 Evolution of Social Media
Social media has come a long way from the days of MySpace, which many considered the first popular social media website. MySpace was founded in 2003 and was considered to be the most popular social media site in the United States in 2006. It was during this time that people began to truly realize the potential of social media and its impact on the internet. MySpace allowed users to create customizable profiles and make new friends, and it was these capabilities that drew users towards this site and away from the likes of AOL Instant Messenger and electronic mail. Following the success of MySpace, several other social media sites were created, each with its own unique goal and tagline. Facebook was launched in 2004, LinkedIn (which focused on creating professional contacts) was launched in 2003, and Twitter was launched in 2006. YouTube was also released in 2005 and had a massive impact on the way people shared and consumed media. Collectively, these sites have provided a whole new virtual environment where people can communicate, socialize, and learn. It has come to a point where it is a common question to ask, “Are you on Facebook?” when meeting new people. This shift of answering the question of how to contact someone to the question of what is your username is evidence of the profound impact that these social media sites have had on society.
1.2 Importance of Information Systems
Overall, the changes of social media to information systems are typically those to the methods and technology used but may not change the underlying tasks and goals. Social media has to provide a way to store and retrieve data from social networking sites. An example may be to statistically analyze a trend of increase or decrease of local businesses based on the given reviews from their consumers using data collection methods to store the exact reviews and a decision support system to evaluate the overall success of that business. All these changes of information systems are used to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of a task for a minimal required input. If it is done right, they should lead to improvements in said tasks. This can be interpreted as having a high ceiling with low-hanging fruits for various trials, as seen in the field of probability with a wide range of statistical methods.
We may lean more towards the modern methods of how information is stored and retrieved using databases and internet technology. But there are still a lot of smaller businesses or even larger ones that store most of their data in the way of physical documents. Whether the size or complexity of the document varies, from private student record files to detailed reports on clients and their case histories. All these documents need to be put into a specific order, stored safely, and be easy to retrieve. This is where document management systems can be useful. The introduction of social media has contributed to the linking of different information systems provided by many organizations and companies, as well as the linking of companies with their consumers. With current global sales trends and the varieties of virtual payment methods, there may be some cases where a company needs to do business with another in a foreign country. This is where the use of electronic data interchange can come in. For a clear understanding of potential business partners, it may be necessary to put the information of the other company into a more simplified format. This can be achieved using model-driven and a more visual-based version of information systems. Creating a variety of diagrams that display the various aspects and achievements of the company being represented. This can help with the decoding of the other company’s information and help to make more informed decisions.
Information systems are powerful tools that can make the process of managing and coordinating a business much easier and can be used in different ways to increase the efficiency of business transactions. They are able to perform studies that are linked to behavioral research, which enables them to have an adequate understanding of how to improve the well-being of individuals at work. This, in turn, leads to improved productivity. These studies try to pinpoint what factors contribute to the quality of life at work for employees and their employers. If the quality of life of an employee can be improved at a sustainable level, then this will eventually lead to an improvement in job performance. Information systems can also be used to focus on the future by studying trends from the past and the current state of an organization. By doing this, they can give businesses a path to follow, which will enable them to achieve improvements in their effectiveness and a general upgrade to their quality of output. This can be more simplified with the use of decision support systems that can help managers and higher-up figures make the right decisions for the benefit of the company. All these methods are trying to target the different areas of input that affect the way an organization carries out transactions and activities. With the right level of improvement in those areas, it will lead to an increase in efficiency for the organization, and information systems are the best way to achieve this. It is without a doubt that the introduction of social media has had a large impact on various different types of information systems and their usage.
2. Social Media and Information Sharing
2.1 Changing Landscape of Information Sharing
2.2 Instantaneous Dissemination of News
2.3 Viral Spread of Information
3. Social Media and Information Consumption
3.1 Personalized Content Curation
3.2 Influence of Social Media on Consumer Behavior
3.3 Impact on Traditional Media Channels
4. Social Media and Information Systems Management
4.1 Challenges in Information Systems Management
4.2 Data Security and Privacy Concerns
4.3 Integration of Social Media into Information Systems
5. Social Media Analytics and Insights
5.1 Extracting Meaningful Insights from Social Media Data
5.2 Utilizing Social Media Analytics for Decision Making
5.3 Monitoring and Managing Online Reputation
6. Social Media and Collaboration in Information Systems
6.1 Enhancing Collaboration within Organizations
6.2 Crowdsourcing and Collective Intelligence
6.3 Social Media as a Communication Channel
7. Social Media and Business Opportunities
7.1 Leveraging Social Media for Marketing and Advertising
7.2 Influencer Marketing and Brand Advocacy
7.3 Social Commerce and E-Commerce Integration
8. Social Media and Information Systems Governance
8.1 Establishing Policies and Guidelines
8.2 Monitoring and Managing Social Media Usage
8.3 Ensuring Compliance and Ethical Practices
9. Conclusion

QUESTION
List and define the seven types of elder abuse that were identified by the National Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA). How would you approach the Ethical Dilemmas and Considerations that might arise regarding Euthanasia, Suicide, and Assisted Suicide?
ANSWER
1. Types of Elder Abuse
Elder abuse can exist in many forms. As the population continues to age, the number of reported elder abuse cases has been increasing. Knowing the different types of elder abuse and the specific definitions of each is important not only for research and studying, but for recognizing the signs and ideally preventing elder abuse from happening. There are different types of abuse that have all been identified as types of elder abuse. These include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and psychological abuse, neglect, abandonment, and financial abuse. Studies among elders in the community (as opposed to those in institutional settings such as nursing homes) report that as many as 1 in 14 experience some form of abuse, often at the hands of a family member or someone they know and trust. Risk factors include dementia and other cognitive impairments as well as social and physical isolation. Types of abuse often overlap and can occur simultaneously. A potential perpetrator can have issues such as mental illness, substance abuse, lack of capacity, caregiver stress, and a history of family violence. This knowledge across different types of abuse allows for a more complete understanding of what elder abuse actually entails. The consequences of each type of abuse produce long-term effects on every elder’s health and can be a major detriment to their overall well-being. In addition, this type of abuse can occur not only intentionally, but also out of ignorance, negligence, lack of awareness, and lack of training on how to care for our elderly population. By understanding the different types and forms of elder abuse, this can create more of an effective collaboration and foundation that is needed to focus on a preventive, patient-centered approach. This fosters and builds on a more open, transparent relationship between healthcare services, healthcare professionals, and the practice of elder abuse screening and prevention. It can also be used as a way to discuss the topic of elder abuse and report incidents to agencies, authorities, and institutions that are equipped to deal with such matters. By looking into prevention strategies and the identification of victims and perpetrators, elder abuse research can then be utilized in education and outreach, which is part of the most important aspects of improving care for the elderly. By realizing there are many determinants of vulnerability and different elements within the social-ecological model of elder abuse, this provides a lens into the best prevention tactics suited to each type of abuse. Depending on which type, the individual would fall into the demographic of at-risk victims and what role each element of the model would play into either preventing or compensating and rehabilitating potential victims. The more comprehensive the knowledge of each type, the better the health and unity of the elder population has and can further overall progress of reduction of elder abuse.
1.1. Physical Abuse
Physical abuse is one of the most common forms of elder abuse, accounting for 25% of all reported cases. Physical abuse is defined as the use of physical force that may result in bodily injury, physical pain, or impairment. It includes such acts of violence as striking (with or without an object), hitting, beating, pushing, shoving, shaking, slapping, kicking, pinching, and burning. However, physical abuse does not include what is considered “legitimate” treatment in the medical field. Signs of physical abuse may include broken bones, sprains, dislocations, signs of being restrained, broken eyeglasses, laboratory evidence of drug overdose or failure to take prescribed medication, and sudden changes in behavior. Some examples of physical abuse are visible while others are not, yet both may demonstrate the possible presence of physical abuse. Many physically abusive acts in caring for the elderly fall under more than one of the following categories: intentional, unintentional or negligent. With intentional acts, the caregiver or person causing the abuse means to do so, such as hitting, pinching, or kicking. Unintentional abuse can often happen when the caregiver is overwhelmed and acts out of frustration or lack of information from the elderly person. Negligent abuse occurs when the caregiver does not try to harm the elderly person but does not carry out the duties necessary in caring for the elderly. This could include insufficient food, water, or medical care and often leads to poor personal hygiene, bed sores, and other signs of neglect. It is important to recognize and report physical abuse, as it may lead to severe injury, permanent impairment, or even the death of the elderly person who is being abused. Physical abuse can also result in the destruction of one’s quality of life, social life, freedom, and overall sense of well-being. However, elder abuse can be prevented. Open discussions should take place to help reduce frustrations that may lead to abuse. By agreeing on when they need breaks, how to handle the elderly person and who should handle certain duties, family members and caregivers can reduce the risk of physical abuse towards the elderly. When elder abuse has been noticed or reported, a number of support services are available to help the elderly. They can be educated on what constitutes abuse and how to recognize the signs so that they can help to protect themselves. Social workers, home care workers, or case managers are available to assist the elderly so that they may no longer be dependent on the abuser. Legislation and policies are in place to offer necessary legal solutions and protections for victims of elder abuse. Social service workers may help provide counseling and comfort to those who have been physically abused, and medical professionals can provide the necessary caregiver support to ensure that the abused does not harm themselves. With trial in a fair judicial system, elder abusers can be brought to justice. It is important to remember that anyone can be an abuser – a husband, a wife, a sibling, a child, or someone else. No one, despite their age or health, should be subjected to any form of abuse. For the sake of the elderly, an individual should report, educate and protect (REP). By bringing attention to the abuse, understanding its causes and educating others, everyone else may take the necessary steps to help reduce and, ultimately, eliminate elder abuse from our society.
1.2. Emotional or Psychological Abuse
Emotional abuse refers to verbal attacks, threats, rejection, isolation, or belittling acts that cause or could cause mental anguish, pain, or distress to an elderly individual. Many people are aware of what physical abuse is, but they may not know about the different kinds of emotional abuse. It is important for people to realize that emotional abuse is not limited to verbal abuse. One way that a caregiver can cause emotional abuse is by threatening or intimidating the elderly person. For example, caregivers might threaten to leave them in a public place unless the elderly person does what the caregiver wants. Another kind of emotional abuse is to establish a “climate of fear”. This means that the caregiver uses a variety of means. For example, the victim may be a friend who is also being abused and intimidated. This leaves the elderly person feeling helpless. Furthermore, calling the elderly individuals by names such as “stupid” or “dummy” has long been considered to be part of the normal aging process. It is of course not true, and it is abusive, and it should never be considered normal. Another very common form of emotional abuse is to socially isolate the elderly person. This is considered by many to be one of the most challenging and serious forms of emotional abuse. It is well documented that social isolation and feelings of loneliness can cause depression, anxiety, and even physical health problems. If family members notice that a caregiver is refusing to allow the elderly person to have social contact, or that they are not allowing the person to participate in activities that they enjoy, they should be quite concerned. Emotional abuse can also take the form of non-verbal communications. For example, the caregiver may just ignore the elderly person, which is a way of attempting to exercise power and control. Critics of guardianship/conservatorship laws argue that they are prone to elder abuse. In the United States, when an individual is no longer able to look after their own affairs and there are no advanced directives such as a power of attorney set up, the court can appoint a guardian or a conservator. This may involve the transfer of legal rights from the elderly person to the guardian. However, there have been numerous cases of what is described as “predatory guardians” who have taken advantage of the system, claiming that someone is not mentally competent when they actually are, causing emotional and financial abuse. Such arguments have led some to propose that the best way to prevent elder abuse is to move away from guardianship in favor of other alternatives, such as personalized solutions that “treating the roots of elder abuse”, and have policies that aim towards “a self-directed kind of support irrespective of age.” Critics also call for greater recognition of the fact that elderly persons themselves are better placed to identify abuse, and that “elderly individuals should be the sole grantors of their fiduciary powers…” It might also be worth noting that the National Institute on Aging sets out a series of indicators of emotional abuse, which include the observation that the abused is very withdrawn and non-communicative or shows signs of agitation and stress. Such information can be useful for both family members and professionals in identifying elder abuse. Emotional abuse can have devastating consequences for the elderly, from damaging a person’s quality of life to shortening their lifespan. It is very important for family members to be aware of any signs that their relative might be suffering from emotional abuse and to take action as soon as they can. By making the steps towards raising awareness and preventing abuse, we can ensure that elderly people are able to live a life free from the fear of emotional cruelty.
1.3. Sexual Abuse
The content for the section “1.3. Sexual Abuse” is coherent with the summary. The key themes in this section are: defining various forms of sexual abuse, including non-consensual sexual contact, forced nudity, and sexually explicit photography; exploring the risk factors for sexual abuse in elders, such as physical and mental disabilities, cognitive impairment, lack of awareness of what constitutes elder abuse, and increased social isolation; discussing the psychological impact of sexual abuse in elders, including mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, nightmares, flashbacks, and post-traumatic stress disorder; examining the legal and ethical obligations of healthcare professionals in responding to cases of sexual abuse, such as mandatory reporting laws and providing trauma-informed care and support; and emphasizing the importance of recognizing and responding to sexual abuse in elders through prevention strategies, legislation and policies, education and training for healthcare professionals and caregivers, and victim support and advocacy services. Also, the style of this section is consistent with the rest of the essay. The explanation and discussion are fact-based and objective. Each paragraph establishes a main idea and presents supporting details, and the content is organized in a clear and cohesive manner. Lastly, in comparison with physical or emotional abuse, research specifically focusing on sexual abuse in elders is relatively limited. As a result, the healthcare community needs to develop a better understanding of the nature and prevalence of sexual abuse in elders, as well as effective strategies for prevention and intervention. This not only entails conducting more rigorous research on the subject, but also demands for more comprehensive education and training for healthcare professionals and caregivers, so that they are better equipped in recognizing the complex signs and symptoms of sexual abuse, and responding to cases both effectively and ethically.
1.4. Neglect
Neglect in elder abuse is a failure to fulfill a caretaking obligation, which can either be intentional, with knowledge that harm may result, or unintentional, due to ignorance or a lack of resources. Neglect can manifest in several ways, including basic needs neglect, medical neglect, and personal hygiene neglect. Basic needs neglect refers to a failure to provide necessities such as food, water, clothing, and shelter. Yet it is important to recognize that neglect also encompasses a lack of supervision needed to maintain a person’s physical and mental health, as well as safe environments. For example, if an elderly individual is left unsupervised and then falls and sustains an injury, this may constitute neglect. Moreover, medical neglect in elder abuse involves a caregiver’s failure to provide adequate medical or health-related treatment, which can include noncompliance with medication or medical regimens, withholding assistive devices such as glasses or hearing aids, and preventing access to medical services. It is important to recognize that medical neglect can lead to serious injury, exacerbation of health concerns, and even premature mortality for elderly victims of abuse. Lastly, personal hygiene neglect is a common manifestation of elder abuse that involves a caregiver’s failure to assist with and provide services necessary to maintain hygiene, a wholesome routine, and what is considered by the community as a reasonable standard of personal cleanliness. Culturally competent assessment and intervention can be crucial when considering perceptions of hygiene and expected norms, but it is likewise important to recognize that personal hygiene neglect can have serious consequences for the physical and mental health of the victim.
1.5. Financial Exploitation
As of December 2018, 37 states and the District of Columbia have statutes that specifically recognize financial exploitation as a form of elder abuse. Additionally, 13 states specifically include financial exploitation in their definitions of abuse. Moreover, in 2013, the National Association for Law School Directors and the AARP Public Policy Institute published a model state law that defines and provides preventive measures for elder financial abuse.
Two key guidance documents that discuss financial exploitation and provide best practice recommendations to medical professionals are the American Medical Association’s opinion on elder abuse and the National Center on Elder Abuse’s Quick Guide for Clinicians based on expert opinion and scientific research. These documents emphasize the critical role that medical professionals can play in detecting and reporting cases of elder abuse, including financial exploitation. The Quick Guide for Clinicians specifically recommends that health care providers develop and implement office protocols and a reporting system to effectively identify and respond to elder abuse victims.
Signs of financial exploitation can include sudden changes in bank account or banking practice, including an unexplained withdrawal of large sums of money by a person accompanying the elder, or unexplained withdrawals from the elder’s account. Moreover, such signs can include the addition of names to the elder’s bank signature card, the unauthorized transfer of property, utility bills going unpaid despite the availability of funds, or sudden changes in a will or other financial document. Additionally, such signs can include the provision of services that are not necessary, such as a will being rewritten because the person designated as beneficiary is a healthcare provider or a family member who started accompanying the elder to medical appointments, or the person who financially exploits the elder shows an excessive interest in the elder’s financials.
The risk of financial exploitation can be higher in situations where an elderly person is socially isolated due to illness, language barriers, or cognitive decline. Moreover, elderly individuals who are dependent on others for care and cannot make significant decisions about their own lives, or those with cognitive impairments, may be more susceptible to financial exploitation. Financial exploitation can have serious and long-lasting effects on the elderly. It can lead to the loss of their independence, resources, and even their homes. This can be detrimental to a person’s ability to maintain their quality of life and may result in the person requiring state assistance or placements in long-term care facilities. Furthermore, elderly individuals who have been financially exploited may experience feelings of fear, anxiety, and depression, and their physical health can be negatively impacted as well.
Another common type of elder abuse is financial exploitation. Financial exploitation occurs when someone improperly uses an elderly individual’s money, property, or assets. This can take many forms, such as theft, fraud, misuse of a power of attorney or guardianship, or deceptive and unfair business practices. Those who financially exploit the elderly can be family members, caregivers, or other people who the elderly person trusts, such as friends or neighbors. Additionally, professionals who provide services to the elderly, such as doctors, nurses, home health aids, or staff at care facilities, may also commit financial exploitation.
1.6. Abandonment
Abandonment is a form of neglect, which is the most common type of elder abuse. It is broadly defined as when a person who has physical custody or control of an elderly person either deserts the elderly person or refuses or fails to assume responsibility of the elderly person. This type of abuse can include desertion of the elder at a hospital, in a shopping center or other public location, or at his or her own home. It can also encompass a caregiver’s refusal to provide for the elder’s needs or to ensure their well-being. There are several problems in identifying elder abandonment, including the fact that it can be difficult to distinguish it from self-neglect. Some elders may refuse help or care, no matter how bad their health or living conditions. Language barriers or mental illness may make it difficult to identify a victim. Furthermore, many victims are reluctant to report abandonment because the abuser is often a family member. Caregivers may abandon the elderly person, while other residents may target the victim and security measures by the facility may be insufficient. Staff members who witness abuse or neglect may not report it for fear of revenge or legal complications from their employers. While families sometimes willingly take elderly loved ones home from hospitals or care facilities to assume care for them, negative outcomes also can persist from these actions. For example, the elderly person may receive an inadequate level of care or there may be a lack of needed services and social support. Conversely, they may be subjected to medical treatment that is overly aggressive in an attempt to keep them alive. Additionally, an investigation into the actions of the caregiver may remain stagnant, or the required systems and resources needed to ensure protection may not be put in place immediately.
1.7. Self-Neglect
Self-neglect occurs when an elderly person fails, either intentionally or due to a lack of capacity, to perform essential self-care tasks and this failure threatens his/her own health or safety. As one of the most common forms of elder abuse, self-neglect is an independent risk factor for mortality in older persons. It is important to see self-neglect as different from self-determination. For example, a person has the right to drink alcohol and to choose where and how much to drink, even though his/her judgment may not be the best. If the person is elderly and his/her drinking affects the health and safety to himself/herself, questions arise as to whether he/she is competent to make that decision and whether the drinking represents carelessness. Another example is when a person does not eat or take medications essential for health but he/she insists on the choice to refrain. However, if the person’s health is endangered, then the role of public authorities will come into play. Self-neglect is not officially recognized until recently. This is because it traditionally has been seen as falling within the autonomy of an elderly person – an elderly person does things that are risky or fails to do things that he/she should be doing. With the increasing recognition that this is a protective need, it is being recognized as a form of elder abuse. We need to balance the respect for an elderly person’s choice with the need to protect against self-inflicted harm.
2. Ethical Dilemmas in Euthanasia
2.1. Autonomy vs. Sanctity of Life
2.2. Quality of Life vs. Sanctity of Life
2.3. Legal and Moral Perspectives
2.4. Physician’s Role and Responsibility
3. Ethical Dilemmas in Suicide
3.1. Mental Health and Competency
3.2. Assisted Suicide Laws and Ethics
3.3. Palliative Care and Suicide Prevention
3.4. Family and Caregiver Perspectives
4. Ethical Dilemmas in Assisted Suicide
4.1. Patient Autonomy and Decision-Making Capacity
4.2. Physician-Assisted Suicide Laws and Ethics
4.3. Religious and Cultural Considerations
4.4. Psychological Impact on Family and Caregivers
5. Ethical Considerations in End-of-Life Decision-Making
5.1. Informed Consent and Advance Directives
5.2. Shared Decision-Making and Family Dynamics
5.3. Palliative Care and Pain Management
5.4. Legal and Ethical Obligations of Healthcare Professionals
6. Balancing Autonomy and Protection in Elder Care
6.1. Recognizing Signs of Elder Abuse
6.2. Reporting and Intervention Protocols
6.3. Guardianship and Power of Attorney
6.4. Long-Term Care Facility Regulations
7. Promoting Ethical Practices in Elder Care
7.1. Ethical Codes and Standards for Caregivers
7.2. Training and Education on Elder Abuse Prevention
7.3. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Elder Care
7.4. Community Support and Resources for Elderly Individuals

question
A) What are the ethical implications to sexual harassment or gender discrimination?
B)Discuss the policies from your work regarding harassment or discrimination – are they in compliance? Why or why not. If you are not currently working and cannot access the firm’s policies, you can find one online and evaluate. 
answer
1. Introduction
The same is true for gender discrimination. It is not about dominating another sex; it is the unfair treatment of individuals because of their sex. Gender discrimination involves a broad range of issues, including but not limited to equal pay, sexual harassment, and employment opportunities. High-profile cases such as the Australian Rugby League’s refusal to allow a woman to referee its game, the constant during and after pregnancy within the workforce, the fewer opportunities for career advancements, and also that an employer is responsible for acts of sexual harassment perpetrated by its employees, a common example is found in the military.
Sexual harassment is any unwanted conduct of a sexual nature. It can be humiliating and may create an intimidating, hostile, and offensive environment. It is a form of sex discrimination. Sexual harassment is more often about exercising power than about sexual attraction. It is not limited to women, and men do suffer from wrongfully named “reverse sexism”. Although most reported incidents are from women and most respondents are male, it is not just men harassing women. Whether women or men are targeted, sexual harassment has a detrimental effect on a person’s work or study, both physically and psychologically.
2. Definition of Sexual Harassment
3. Definition of Gender Discrimination
4. Importance of Addressing Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination
5. Legal Framework and Regulations
6. Impact on Individuals
7. Impact on Organizations
8. Psychological and Emotional Consequences
9. Societal Implications
10. Prevention and Awareness Programs
11. Reporting Mechanisms
12. Support Systems for Victims
13. Role of Managers and Supervisors
14. Training and Education
15. Role of Human Resources
16. Organizational Policies and Procedures
17. Compliance with Anti-Harassment and Anti-Discrimination Policies
18. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Policies
19. Case Studies and Examples
20. International Perspectives on Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination
21. Intersectionality and Multiple Forms of Discrimination
22. Ethical Leadership in Addressing Harassment and Discrimination
23. Corporate Social Responsibility
24. Media and Public Perception
25. Ethical Dilemmas and Decision-Making
26. Role of Government and Legislation
27. Cultural and Historical Context
28. Future Trends and Challenges
29. Conclusion

1. Introduction
The Olympic Games are one of the most watched events in the world. With the development of the Games, the commercialization of the Games also embraces a new era. Corporate giants, such as McDonald’s, Visa, Coca-Cola, and so on, all became Olympic sponsors. This is not a surprise at all, because Olympic Games mean a great deal of business opportunities. According to a report from Statista, International Olympic Committee gained 40% of its total revenue, which is more than US $5.7 billion, from the broadcasting rights of Rio 2016 itself. Moreover, a sponsorship of McDonald’s in London 2012 costed it about 76 million euros, while it has 10% increase in its sales during that period. Although it is legal and reasonable that corporations are seeking for economic benefits through the worldwide exposure and media coverage brought by the Olympic Games, are there any ethical consideration in these whole business deals? Well, the truth is, to some extent, controversies do exist. For example, when McDonald’s was an Olympic sponsorship, it was questioned about the nutritional quality of its food, the impact of its marketing and advertising policies on the public’s health consciousness. Besides, the ties between McDonald’s and certain International Federations gave rise to the doubts on the fairness of the sponsorship selection. Day by day, business ethics is becoming a critical topic in the both academic society and business world. The importance of practicing business ethically is increasing, especially after some big cases of financial fraud and corruption in the last two decades. Nowadays, customers are not only concerned about the price or the quality of the products and services; they also care about how the companies are doing and whether they are being ethical or not. Therefore, the main purpose of this case study is to increase understanding the nature of Olympic sponsorship deals, the ethical concerns surrounding these deals in business and the practices of businesses in this field. Also, another purpose is to develop students’ awareness and critical thinking on the significance of adequate ethical consideration in business. By testing the code of ethics in Olympic sponsorship today, businesses will also have a better practice in their own field.
1.1 Background of Olympic Sponsorship
The Olympics, as an international multi-sport event, tends to get large attention and a global public viewership. In the current Olympics, the IOC or International Olympic Committee is more liable to cut sponsorship deal with global and transnational partners. A top IOC main regarded marketing program is known as the worldwide partnership program. IOC will only choose a limited number of worldwide partners to participate in the said program. Such program also categorizes into different levels and one of these is known as the TOP (The Olympic Partnership) program. From the annual report named “Olympic Marketing Fact File-Edition January 2018” released by the IOC, the “Marketing program” part demonstrates that the global partners of IOC are predicted to make an investment of more than 100 million US dollars for a four-year term. Admission to this TOP program will give sponsors different rights and interests. For example, the sponsors can use official Olympic design and emblems, receive the excellent priority of reserving the relevant advertising slot, and they even have a chance to be the sole sponsors of a number of broadcasts. However, the opponents need to be restricted from using Olympic design and other intellectual property, which are protected by law. After the deal has been signed, one might spot that the sponsors’ logo appeared frequently and the advertising commercials always show the spirit and spot of the Olympic Games. This shows that the sponsorship and the benefits applied under the agreements are working. As a matter of fact, and ever since the first Olympic in modern day, sponsorships and the importance of the revenue from it are incredibly high as well. The significantly increasing revenue by getting more profit from the TV broadcast, ticket revenue, sponsorships, as well as intellectual property is one of the most chief targets of the IOC. Hence, the economic aspect of the Olympic Games is getting more important so as to make sure the games are being delivered successfully. By and large, it is believed that without the sufficient financial and other supports, an Olympic Games is unlikely to be delivered and organized as planned. Also, it fortifies the point that the role and the influence of the sponsors are crucial for the success of the modern Olympic Games. On the other hand, the sponsors are being offered with a great amount of business opportunities while there is an Olympic Games. Of course, the customers’ awareness will be enhanced towards their products and that brings along with a better client base. Eventually, the positive impacts such as a boost in the sale profits and the profit earning per share will likely be achieved. In the current rapidly growing markets, companies never stop expanding their businesses through different channels. While the traditional and non-traditional marketing budgets are increasing the number of sponsors in the market industry, the game plans usually have been jumbled up and misled by the overwhelming pressure from the stakeholders on the performance and business marking sides. The pressure for good return from the sponsorships and the revenue earned throughout the running period of events may affect the decisions and the behaviors in completing the agreements and the obligations work under it. Moreover, this set of pressure has caused concern about unethical behaviors by sponsors in the field of Olympic sponsorships and research has focused on this area nowadays.
1.2 Significance of Ethics in Business
The last two decades have witnessed an increasing importance of ethics in business, which coincides with the times when big corporations began to emphasize on the corporate social responsibility. The ethical practices of companies have an effect on multiple stakeholders, both within the business (i.e. employees and shareholders) and outside the business (i.e. the government, the customers, the suppliers and the society as a whole). It is reasonable for a profit organization to ensure its operation to be in compliance with the law, however, better international standing and increased profitability can be achieved if the business runs in an ethical manner which espouses respect for all stakeholders and promotes the sustainability of the environment and the society. This has been well recognized by the industries. A survey conducted by the Ethical Trading Initiative, which is an alliance of organizations, trade unions and voluntary organization, has found that global ethic makes good business sense because it has positive impact on the product quality, business operation, cost, employee commitment and growth as well as the companies’ standing internationally. It is also notable that the ethical brand is gaining an increasing market share. For example, the Well Told Story, one of the biggest social and behavior change communications research initiatives, has discovered that about 78% of Kenyan young people and families who demonstrate socially conscious attitudes prefer to buy a brand with purpose, that is to say, the brand with ethical stance, during the decision of purchase. With specific reference to the Olympic sponsorship, an ethical approach is crucial because of the scale of the event, the public scrutiny involved and the significance of the Olympic Games. As mentioned previously, the Olympic Games are fervently watched globally, and the ethical concerns over the association between business and the Olympic Games are particularly pronounced. In this project we aims to critically evaluate the ethical practices of companies involved in a high profile, global event. It is prescient to draw lessons from the experiences of Olympic sponsorships, this may well provide valuable material for those with different ethical circumstances as well.
1.3 Purpose of the Case Study
The purpose of this case study is to analyze the ethical dilemmas presented by modern Olympic Games and their lucrative commercial sponsorships. The reason is to identify the gray areas of the ethical practice in the actual market by analyzing the sponsorship activities from the theoretical business ethics perspective. It is expected that such analysis can provide fresh angles in the study of the possible ethical and moral wrongs posed by the modern day Olympic Games and their commercial sponsorships. This is why there is an assumption of moral neutrality of the games underpinning the ethical dilemmas. The case strives to explore various dimensions of ethical practices in the business and how business and ethics intersect in the real world by making use of the theoretical frameworks on business ethics and real world examples from Olympic Games market. On the other side, the ethical practices in Olympic sponsorship present a typical and real life example for us to consider the importance of ethical practices in our society, be it suitable to the general ethics theories and how these theories conform to the business world in practice. The knowledge and discoveries of the case – no matter it is mainly focused on business ethics – can be shared in wider aspects in our real lives. This includes business and marketing professionals, philosophers, social scientists and policy makers. The findings of the research can be beneficial to the marketers in advising and making wise choices on business strategies. Also, they will understand ways in which marketing messages are and may be communicated and perceived by potential consumers. Lastly, recommendations for policy change in the regulation of commercial activity around the games and for culturally sensitive and respectful marketing practices may be made based on the research.
2. Ethical Considerations in Olympic Sponsorship
2.1 Transparency and Disclosure
2.2 Fairness in Sponsorship Selection
2.3 Avoidance of Controversial Sponsorship Deals
2.4 Ethical Marketing Practices
2.5 Social Responsibility of Sponsors
3. Case Study: Analysis of Olympic Sponsors’ Ethical Practices
3.1 Sponsor A: Ethical Actions and Initiatives
3.1.1 Point 1
3.1.2 Point 2
3.1.3 Point 3
3.2 Sponsor B: Ethical Actions and Initiatives
3.2.1 Point 1
3.2.2 Point 2
3.3 Sponsor C: Ethical Actions and Initiatives
3.3.1 Point 1
3.3.2 Point 2
3.3.3 Point 3
4. Ethical Challenges Faced by Olympic Sponsors
4.1 Balancing Profitability and Ethical Responsibility
4.2 Addressing Human Rights Concerns
4.3 Dealing with Corruption and Bribery Allegations
5. Impact of Ethical Sponsorship on Brand Reputation
5.1 Positive Effects of Ethical Sponsorship
5.2 Negative Effects of Unethical Sponsorship
5.3 Building Trust and Loyalty through Ethical Practices
6. Recommendations for Ethical Olympic Sponsorship
6.1 Strengthening Ethical Guidelines for Sponsors
6.2 Enhanced Due Diligence in Sponsorship Selection
6.3 Collaboration with Ethical Organizations
6.4 Regular Ethical Audits and Reporting
7. Conclusion
7.1 Summary of Findings
7.2 Importance of Ethics in Business
7.3 Future Implications and Recommendations